I don’t think a single statement would ever be sufficient to encapsulate what I hold to be true. But here are some basic pointers in terms of the four basic branches of philosophy:
1) Metaphysics: Objective reality. Three axioms establish this: existence exists, consciousness is consciousness of something, A is A. These are the axioms of existence, consciousness and identity. The initial guiding principle of philosophy is the primacy of existence principle. It is the recognition that reality exists independent of consciousness. Reality is not the product of conscious intentions, nor does it conform to consciousness. Hence I reject the religious view of the world, which essentially holds that a form of consciousness created the universe – i.e., all existence extraneous to itself - and/or directs the events which take place within it. This is a form of metaphysical subjectivism – the view that the subject holds metaphysical primacy over its objects.
2) Epistemology: Reason. Reason is the faculty which identifies and integrates the material provided by his senses. Rationality is the commitment to reason as one’s only means of knowledge of reality and his guide to action. The form in which he initially identifies and integrates the objects of his awareness is conceptual in nature, which is a volitional process, and the method by which he integrates what he perceives and identifies into affirmations is logic, which is the art of non-contradictory identification. Reason functions in accordance with the primacy of existence principle, enabling man to distinguish between fact and fiction, the real and the unreal, the actual and the imaginary. Reason is the faculty by which man discovers and validates truths about reality, and is thus the standard of measurement of truth.
3) Morality: Rational self-interest. This is the morality of values, the application of reason to the task of living and man’s need to act in order to live. Value is that which one acts to gain and/or keep in the interest of living and enjoying life. The morality of rational self-interest is developed on the recognition that man faces a fundamental alternative – to live or die, and on the basis of a fundamental choice: to live. It requires that one recognize that the needs man has for living are not automatically provided for, that he needs to identify those values which he needs to live and those actions which make acquiring and/or preserving those values possible. “The purpose of morality is to teach you, not to suffer and die, but to enjoy yourself and live.” (Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged)
4) Politics/social theory: Individual rights. An objective social theory is one which recognizes that each individual human being has the right to exist for his own sake. “A ‘right’ is a moral principle defining and sanctioning a man’s freedom of action in a social context.” (Ayn Rand, “Man’s Rights,” The Virtue of Selfishness) Accordingly, since life is an end in itself, no individual has an obligation to sacrifice his values, his mind or his life to another person, whether real or imagined. As a corollary, a religious believer has the right to worship whichever god he chooses, just as a non-believer has the right not to worship any gods.
by Dawson Bethrick
Hi Dawson,
ReplyDeleteHave you written on a metaphysical account for reason and the ability to think?
I ask as I am in a discussion with some presuppostitionalists here and I'm not 100% sure if I am making sense. I'm a bit of a novice when it comes to these types of conversations.
Cheers,
Rhiggs
Hello Rhiggs,
ReplyDeleteThanks for your questions.
You asked: “Have you written on a metaphysical account for reason and the ability to think?”
I don’t have a post titled “The Metaphysical Basis for Reason,” if that’s what you’re asking. However, the answers to the types of questions that Peter Chen has been posing to you are given in many of my blog entries, if not explicitly, at least implicitly. But let me address some of his questions here from the position of Objectivism as I have come to understand it:
Peter Chen: “Do rocks have axioms?”
No, rocks do not have axioms. Nor do they have emotions, fantasies, temper tantrums or bad hair days. Keep in mind what an axiom is:
“An axiom is a statement that identifies the base of knowledge and of any further statement pertaining to that knowledge, a statement necessarily contained in all others, whether any particular speaker chooses to identify it or not. An axiom is a proposition that defeats its opponents by the fact that they have to accept it and use it in the process of any attempt to deny it.” (Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged)
Notice that Rand consistently defines an axiom as a statement; I tend to think of axioms as explicit recognitions affirmed in conceptual form. It’s another way of saying “statement.” Rocks do not make statements. Rocks do not have consciousness, so they are not capable anything which require conscious activity, such as statements identifying fundamental facts.
Peter Chen: “IF not, then what are preconditions to have axioms?”
The preconditions to “having axioms” (i.e., to formulating explicit statements which identify the most basic fundamentals of knowledge) are the facts identified by the axioms. The axioms are (1) existence exists (the axiom of existence); (2) to exist is to be something specific (the axiom of identity); (3) consciousness is consciousness of something - i.e., of an object (the axiom of consciousness). The very facts which these axioms call our attention to are the preconditions to being able to formulating the axioms (in fact, as part of the axiom of consciousness, the consciousness involved here would need to be a consciousness which has reached the conceptual level of awareness).
Peter Chen: “ And/or what preconditions account for those axioms?”
Same answer here: the facts which the axioms identify account for those axioms, along with the choice to think (an action performed by the consciousness which grasps the truth of the axioms).
It’s important to pay attention to a fundamental distinction present throughout my answers to Peter’s questions: the distinction between the axioms (qua statements) and the facts which those axioms identify. The facts which the axioms identify obtain independent of the statements which identify them. They have to: they had to exist in order to be identified in the first place.
Further reading:
The Axioms and the Primacy of Existence
RK’s Axioms
I saw that there was more interaction between you and Peter, and you may have additional questions. This topic is extremely interesting to me. So if you have more questions, please feel free to e-mail me (sortion@hotmail.com) as the posting limits on blogger are too restrictive for this discussion. I'd love to hear from you.
Regards,
Dawson
Thanks Dawson,
ReplyDeleteI've emailed you.